Determination of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration

Determination of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Acids and Bases Properties of acid Strengths of Acids and Bases How to detect acid and Bases? pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Equipment Procedure Results and conclusion Bibliography Introduction Acids and Bases Every liquid we see will probably have either basic or acidic properties. Water can be a base and acid, it depends on the reaction you add with water. It can be a base in some reaction and an acid in some reactions. Also water can react with itself to form bases and acids but it happens in small quantities so it will not change your experiments. 2H2O > H3O++ OH- The hydrogen ion was transferred to form Hydronium ion. The negative and positive ions in water are equal and cancel each other. Most of water we drink from the tap has others ions in it. Those ions in solution make something basic or acidic. For example, in our Bodies, there are small compounds called amino acids and in fruits there something called citric acid. According to Santà © Arrhenius, in 1887, he came up with new definitions of acids and bases. He said when we mix water to molecules , they break down and gives a hydrogen ion and at another times it gives hydroxide. In general, a hydrogen positive ion is released, the acidic solution increases. When a hydroxide ion is released, the solution become base For example HA +H2O H3O + + A Hydronium ion is formed and it is acid. That hydrogen ion is the reason it is called an acid. Chemists use the word dissociated to describe the breakup of a compound Properties of acid Acids taste sour Acids react strongly with metals (Zn + HCl) Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin Bases Bases are ionic compounds that break apart to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in water. The strength of a base is determined by the concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-). The greater of the concentration of OH ions the stronger the base. Example: NaOH in water NaOH Na+ + OH Strengths of Acids and Bases Strong Acids and Weak Acids: Strength of acid is related to ionization of acids in water. Some of the acids can ionize 100 % in water solutions; we call them strong acids. HCL are examples of strong acids.in other hand, some of the acids cannot ionize like strong acids. We call acids partially ionize in solutions weak acid. CH3COOH, HF, H2CO3 are examples of weak acid that partially ionize in solution Strong and Weak Bases: Bases ionize completely in solutions are called strong bases. NaOH and bases including OH- ion are strong bases. Bases that ionize partially in solutions are called weak bases. For example [ NH3] Ionization of Water: Water ionizes gives: H2O(l) ↔ H+(aq) + OH(aq) In pure water concentrations of H+ and OH ions are equal to each other and at 25 °, they have concentration 110-7 M. then concentration of ion in pure water is too low, it is a bad electric conductor. As in the case of pure water mediums having [H+] = [OH] concentration are called neutral mediums. In water solutions multiplication of [H+] and [OH] is constant and at 25 0C it is 110-14. This number is also called ionization constant of pure water. If concentration of [H+] ions equal [OH-]= 10 -7M, then solution is neutral. If concentration of [H+] ions > [OH-] or [H+] > 10 -7M and [OH-] -7 M, then solution is acidic. If concentration of [OH-] ions > [H+] or [H+] -7 M and [OH-] > 10-7 M, then solution is basic. How to detect acid and Bases? Scientists use something called pH scale to measure how basic or acidic the liquid is. Also there are many types of ions in a solution, pH focus on concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. The scale measures values from 0 to 14. Distilled water is 7 in the middle. The strength of an acid or base in a solution is measured on a scale called a pH scale. Any pH number greater than 7 is considered a base and any pH number less than 7 is considered an acid. 0 is the strongest acid and 14 is the strongest base. The acid strength depends on the concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. The greater and more hydrogen ions is the stronger acids likes Hydrochloric acid HCL and Sulphuric acid. pH=-log[H+] and pOH=-log[OH-] If 7>pH>0 acidic solution If 14>pH>7 basic solution If pH=7 neutral solution pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium 1. pH When acids is added to water, the pH scale decreases. The acidity of a solution is examined by the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), where pH provides a simple index for expressing the [H+] level., when pH is small which means that the smaller the number of pH , the stronger acid. pH=-log10[H] pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Strong acid , which they are dissociate in solution, and weak acids that partially dissociate in solution. When dissociation of strong acid happens, it gives a proton In which make the solution more acidic, However, weak acids have a dissociated state (A-) and undissociated state (AH) that appears according to the following dissociation equilibrium equation. AH A + H+ . The definition of Ka is Ka= The brackets of the product to the brackets of the reactants pKa was introduced as an index to express the acidity of weak acids, where pKa is defined as follows. pKa= log10Ka Relation between Ka and Pka , it is inversely proportional so when ka is high which means storng acid which means pKa is low and vice versa Equipment Burette Beaker Magnetic stirrer Ph meter Acid and Bases Pure water Procedure Clean all equipment in order to get accurate conductivity Add some of NaOH into the receiving cup and then add slightly 1 ml of HCL and make sure you adding the receiving cup on the magnetic stirrer Repeat this steps to get the conductivity from volume 0 ml to 17 ml Get titration curve ,the differential curve and the end point For CH3COOH + NaOH We will make same steps and record the conductivity pH Results and conclusion NaOH + HCL Results of volume of HCL and the conductivity Ml pH is clear that end point occurs at 10 ml of HCL which pH drops to 6.34 Titration curve Differential curve Ch3COOH +Naoh It is clear that end point at 10 ml of Naoh the end point occur , the ph difference is very big Titration curve Differential curve Bibliography http://www.chemistrytutorials.org/content/acids-and-bases/ph-poh-and-ionization-of-water/58-acids-and-bases-cheat-sheet http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Chem_AcidsBasespHScale.shtml http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/erlinger/water/background/ph.html http://www.humboldtmfg.com/graduated_glass_beaker.html http://www.shimadzu.com/an/hplc/support/lib/lctalk/29/29intro.html https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/acids-and-bases/strength-of-acids/the-acid-dissociation-constant/ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Acid_dissociation_constant.html

How Organisations Manage Their Culture Strategically Essay

Recent reviews of the relationship of organisational culture to Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) suggest that culture plays a significant role in strategy implementation for sustaining competitive advantage and contributing to firm performance (Dyer & Ericksen, 2005; Roberts & Hirsch, 2005; Roehling et al. , 2005). A search of the literature reveals only two empirical studies examining organisational culture from an SHRM perspective. The first study was a micro SHRM analysis examining the relationship between organisational culture and HR practices. An international study was conducted using Hofestede’s model to examine each participating country’s cultural characteristics at a national level. The findings from this study showed support for a stronger relationship between HR and internal communication practices and a weaker association with rewards (Papalexandris & Panayotopoulou, 2004). A second study of companies in Asia used a contingency approach to examine the effect of culture and HR on firm performance. A content analysis of public documents was carried out to assess cultural values for each organisation. The findings suggested that organisations with â€Å"elite† or â€Å"leader† value profiles with a complementary HR system achieved higher financial performance (Chew & Basu, 2005). Although both studies had a number of limitations, both also provided preliminary empirical support for examining organisational culture as an important factor in SHRM research. From the practical viewpoint, different organisations while implementing their strategic vision of organisational culture pursue different strategic HRM objectives: to create trusting environment highlighted by cooperation and openness, to gain new market share and reaches targets, to achieve operational efficiency, to look for new opportunities and welcomes new challenges, etc. The most prevalent and cited quantitative approaches to strategic assessment and management of culture in organisations are Hofstede’s (1983) GLOBE dimensions model, Kets de Vrie’s five dysfunctional types model (DeVries & Miller, 1986) and Cameron and Quinn’s (2006) competing values framework (CVF). From both practical and critical perspective, managerial literature has relied heavily on the competing values framework, which as a result, has been empirically validated (Cameron & Quinn, 2006; Kwan & Walker, 2004). CVF has also been tested in various ways in the HR literature using both quantitative (Prajogo & McDermott, 2005) and qualitative (Boggs, 2004) approaches, such as in studies showing that certain culture values are positively associated with HR outcomes including organisational commitment, job involvement and empowerment, and employee outcomes including job satisfaction (Goodman, Zammuto, & Gifford, 2001), operational practices (TQM) and productivity outcomes. Cameron and Quinn’s (2006) competing values framework offers the most compatible practical framework for organisations for several reasons. First, CVF links to strategy implementation and resource-based view (RBV) through the integration of both values and dimensions in the model. The values framework allows for an assessment of organisations based on competing dimensions, which draw out the characteristics of organisational cultures. Second, it provides a level of assessment that tie to RBV’s social complexity of managerial style and leadership, along with its emphasis on organisational capital (i. e. , organisational administration and coordination). Third, the framework has been empirically tested and shown to be valid (Cameron & Quinn, 2006; Igo & Skitmore, 2006; Kwan & Walker, 2004). Fourth, the framework is measured using the Organisational Cultural Assessment Instrument (OCAI), which assesses an organisation’s overall cultural profile through a self-reported survey method. The survey is easily transferable to a format that respondents can interpret and respond to. The competing values framework differentiates organisational cultures on the basis of four culture types. Using the Organisational Cultural Assessment Instrument (OCAI), an organisation’s overall cultural profile and dominant characteristics can be assessed through a self-reported survey. The model considers two sets of competing values. The first set represents the contrast between the degree of control an organisation exercises on the one hand and the degree of flexibility it offers on the other. In other words, where one dimension shapes the values for organisations that provide a flexible environment with discretion, the other dimension shapes values around a controlled environment with stability. The second set of competing values is represented by the contrast between the degrees to which an organisation has an internal versus an external focus. Organisations that value an internal focus are interested in the ways in which the organisation integrates and operates internally, whereas organisations with an external focus are more interested in examining and responding to the forces outside. These competing dimensions serve as the basis to develop characteristics that shape four organisational culture types, which are measured by the OCAI. Each of these four main culture types has notable distinguishing characteristics. Studies using this approach to examine organisational culture have revealed that a company often has one dominant culture type but demonstrates varying degrees of each of the other types (Goodman et al. , 2001; Kwan & Walker, 2004; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005). The four organisational culture types are briefly described below. Clan: social environment in which employees work well together in teams. Leaders focus on mentoring employees and facilitating group problem-solving. A strong emphasis on ooperation and openness is evident, highlighted by a concern for people and customers. High levels of employee loyalty are often found in clan-dominant cultures. Market: results-oriented approach emphasizing growing the market and customer base. Leaders are hard driving and competitive with a high demand for achievement. Emphasis is on being a market leader, which is pursued through goal orientation. Hierarchy: environment with a strong emphasis on rules and processes. Leaders in such environments are typically good coordinators and organisers. The focus of this culture ype is to develop a stable environment with job security and conformity to rules by employees. Dependability and efficiency are key to its success. Adhocracy: innovative, creative environment that encourages risk-taking. Leaders in this culture type are entrepreneurial and encourage others to take risks and innovate. Employees motivated by challenges and new opportunities to create products and services are drawn to adhocracy-dominant cultures. Organisations depending on their existing or potential organisational culture type can employ specific organisational methods to achie ve their objectives.

Workplace Ethical Dilemma Paper

Workplace Ethical Dilemma Paper BSHS / 322 Marcia Winter Introduction We've all heard the golden rules: In today’s society it is hard to find a good paying job. When one finds a good paying job, that person needs to do whatever he or she can do to keep that job. Ethics can be a problem in a workplace if someone is asked to do something that they do not feel is right. â€Å"Ethics are about making choices that may not always feel good or seem like they benefit you but are the â€Å"right† choices to make† (Curry, 2011; para 2).In the following, I will discuss a workplace ethical dilemma that I have witnessed in my current employment. I will discuss the essential points of the dilemma and how this dilemma intersects with my personal values. Personal Ethics I have very simple personal ethics and values that I live by. â€Å"Don't hurt, don't steal, don't lie, or one of the most famous: â€Å"Do unto others as you would have done to you† (Curry, 2011; para 2) . I have others but these are the main ones I live by.My parents taught me early in life that if I want to do well in this world and have others respect me than I better remember these ethics and values. Workplace Ethical Dilemma I have been employed for the same medical facility for almost 2 years. I started at the hospital and have worked my way into the clinics. This is a major accomplishment because normally my job does not move their employees around. They like to keep everyone in the same place. When I transferred to my current position I was put in the position to â€Å"spy† on the current workers in the office.I kept the same boss and she knew that there were some issues at my new location. She wanted me to get the scoop on everyone and then report back to her. Now, I love my boss and my job, but she was asking me to do something that I was not ok with. I am not the type of person to gossip about people behind their backs. I like to do my job and go home. I do not wan t to talk about others because I have been on the receiving end and have been the person that others have talked about. It does not feel good. Points of Dilemma When I was asked to spy on my coworkers, I did not know what to say.I kept thinking that my boss was joking with me and was waiting for me to respond in the correct way. I felt like she was looking to see what I would do. I did not talk about it for a couple of days after she talked with me about it. I thought long and hard as to what I was going to do. I did not want to lose my job over this but I really did not want to tell on my coworkers. I did not even know them yet. I kept thinking that I could not work with people I did not trust. I knew that if someone was to spy on me, that I would never be able to trust them. Read also â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†Ã‚   by David MametI did not want to break that trust. When my boss approached me a second time, I knew what my answer was going to be. I told my boss that I did not feel comfortable spying on my coworkers. I was waiting for her to tell me that I did have a choice†¦. it is either your job or spy on your coworkers. She surprised me when she told me that she understood my position and respected my decision. I stood their flabbergasted because I did not know what to say. Personal Values Personally, this decision to not do what my boss told me tore at me. I have always been taught to listen to authority.My boss would be my authority. However, I was also told to treat others the same way I would like to be treated. I cannot stand it when people talk about me behind my back. I am a person who confronts problems head on. If someone has a problem with the way I do things than I would want that person to confront me and talk with me about it. I would not like them to go running to the boss and â€Å"tell† on me. I did not want my boss to be mad at me but I also do not want me coworkers mad at me. There would only be a couple of reason why I would tell on my coworkers.One would be if I witnessed one of them doing something very wrong to a patient or to another coworker. An example of this would be if one of my coworkers lied to a patient or to another coworker. This would be against my code of ethics. The other reason would be if one of my coworkers would be stealing from the company. Stealing would consist of stealing money, supplies or cheating on one’s paycheck. There are some people who are very dishonest regarding their time card. â€Å"Employee fraud is on the rise, soaring from $400 billion in lost revenue for U. S. usinesses in 1996 to over $600 billion in 2003. And while many organizations have implemented background checking as a requirement for employment, the majority of employees who steal œ68. 6 percent, according to Association of Certified Fraud Examiners –have no prior criminal record (Wolf; Para 4). Conclusion In conclusion, having good work ethics and values are extremely important. People look at those qualities just as much as they would look at qualifications. Employers want employees who are going to not only show up for work but also does quality work as well.The personal workplace dilemma that I shared is not the only personal workplace dilemma I have had. I am sure in my future I will have more. If I continue to live by my personal ethics and values than I should have no problems with my future dilemmas. References Curry, Myron; 2011; Ethics on the Workplace; retrieved October 23, 2011 from http://EzineArticles. com/12475 Wolf, Ira; 2004; Cheating, Lies and Other Workplace Ethics; retrieved October 23 2011 from http://www. super-solutions. com/EmployeeFraudandWorkplaceEthics. asp#ixzz1bqShnBN4

Allure Cruise Line Essay Example

Allure Cruise Line Essay Example Allure Cruise Line Essay Allure Cruise Line Essay Case 15: Allure Cruise Line: Challenges of strategic growth and organizational effectiveness (Part 4) Read the following case from your textbook: (open the other attachment for the article) Analysis: Write a case analysis in about 4 to 5 pages or more. Answer all the case questions in the text. Offer analysis and evidence to support your conclusions. Be objective in interpreting evidence. Don’t present one-sided arguments. Include and answer the points not favorable to your position. Write information and arguments clearly. Use bulleted lists where appropriate. Use tables or charts and graphs to present quantitative information if possible. Format: Present your case analysis in Microsoft Word document format. Please applied the correct APA style, cite inside and outside resources and references (very important). No copy and paste do it in your own writing, because it will be check by the professor before grading by (www. turnitin. com) please no plagiarism paper. P. S: Use academic resources (at a minimum, the textbook) to best address this assignment. Assignment Grading Criteria| Maximum Points| Answered all case questions. | 12| Presented original analysis of the case supported by reasons, examples, and research. | 12| Presented qualitative and quantitative information in appropriate formats. | 4| Contributed to the discussion by drawing conclusions about the results of others’ research, specifically, and by asking questions, providing statements of clarification, providing points of view with rationale, challenging points of discussion, or making relationships between one and more points of the discussion. | 12| Applied the correct APA style, usage, grammar, and punctuation in case analysis. | 4| Total:| 44|

Essay on Spicing up Of Mice and Men

Essay on Spicing up Of Mice and Men Essay on Spicing up Of Mice and Men Spicing up of Mice and Men In of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck uses many figurative language to engage the readers in the story. Of Mice and Men is a story about two migrant workers, trying to find a job. The main characters in the story are George and Lennie. George who is the â€Å"small and quick and dark of face† ; Lennie on the other hand is a man of tremendous size and has the mind of a young child. With hope and dreams, these two men cling onto each other to achieve them. To give the story a more interesting flow, Steinbeck uses many figurative languages. Steinbeck uses simile, personification, and metaphor to appeal to the emotions of the readers. Similes in the story was used to engaged and invoke emotions in the reader. An example , â€Å"snorting into the water like a horse† (Steinbeck 3). In this simile the author is saying that the way Lennie drinks is similar to how a horse drinks. Lennie and a horse are similar in the way their mind works: if its thirsty i t drinks, if its hungry it eats, if its tired it sleeps. They do this without any real thought about what's going to happen when they become hungry or thirsty. This simile makes the reader imagine Lennie as an actual horse. Another example is , â€Å"Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages† (Steinbeck 31). the authors is saying the in this simile its comparing Curley’s wife's hair to sausages. Also the simile is effective because Steinbeck is comparing her to meat, which is symbolic for the way she is treated by the others, as a piece of property or meat. The simile makes readers imagine little rolled sausages on her head. Along with simile, Steinbeck uses another type of figurative language which is personification. The use of personification in the story grabs the readers attention , making them more involved. For example, â€Å"The shade climbs up the hills towards the top.† (Steinbeck 2) This is an example of personification because shade ca nnot literally climb up a hill. Steinbeck is trying to portray a more human quality in the shade. Its making the readers imagine the shades having legs like human , climbing up towards the hills. Another example, â€Å"A little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn† (Steinbeck 65) Steinbeck described where the shed is located in comparison to the barn. He could’ve said the shed was next to the barn but instead he defined the shed as being lazy in its posture just leaning on the barn. This personification forms a

Strategy for BPM Distribution Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy for BPM Distribution Company - Essay Example Before getting further deep, the report will begin with a brief overview of the music distribution industry. Music distribution Industry: Overview Music distribution industry is a part of Media and Content Industries (MCI), which takes into account music publishing, video and motion picture production, broadcasting and distribution, and several other information services. The companies belonging to this industry mainly remains involved in producing musical recordings, generating in-broadcast revenues, music distribution and licensing rights for using music. Germany is ranked at the third position in terms of music sales. Globally, US top the charts with a staggering turnover of $15 billion per annum. Moreover, the industry is also forecasted to grow at a rapid pace. However, the biggest threat of this industry is illegal downloads and pirated cassettes. With the development of information and technology, companies around the world are redesigning their distribution pattern and focusing more on digital distribution. Some of the major companies of this industry are Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Gro up, German firm Edel etc (IFPI, 2013). The industry is also characterized by the presence of numerous small music distribution firms. Recommended Business Strategy Business strategies are generally classified into three broad categories namely differentiation strategy, focus started and cost leadership strategy. The existing strategy of BPM is focus strategy. The company mainly focuses on a specialized segment of market. Its main customer group is local independent shops. The company has been extremely successful with this strategy, but due to technological advancement and increasing popularity of web based music shops and online download the local independent shops are losing their market share. As a result of this, the demand for vinyl and CD’s are reducing day by day and BPS is finding difficulties to maintain the desired sales volume. In order to deal with this situation, the company is recommended with the following strategies: - The company is recommended to consider the use of digital distribution in order to get success in the market. In order to pursue this strategy, the company should try to acquire digital distribution rights from the music production companies. This will allow the company to target those customers, who prefers to download music rather than buying CDs or DVDs. It is also recommended to the company that they should not focus on a particular group of customer, but the focus should be on mass customers. The company only sell their products to the retailers, but they can also consider selling products directly to the end consumers. This strategy will allow the company to earn more profits. The company is recommended to adopt differentiation strategy, rather than pursuing focus strategy. Although, the company does not have any scope of offering differentiated products and services to the customers, the only way by which they can differentiate their product line is through stocking different music genre. There is a long list

Common problems in bulidings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common problems in bulidings - Essay Example These are problems experienced by modern construction as well and building managers aim to provide solutions to them. With more research into the building sector, several solutions have been found that could help in mitigating these problems. Even then, they are still a subject of concern among many. Cracking refers to the disintegration of particles from each other resulting in a line of weakness in the walls and is because of unequal application of force to the particles often in opposite directions. This problem manifests because of the other problems experienced in building and construction. Subsidence means the gradual sinking of a structure to a lower level than the way it was designed on the plan. This can be caused by various reasons. It could be because of settlement of mines below the building over time often at great depth, which results in destruction of buildings. Uneven sinking would result in crack in the walls. Water flowing underground below the building could potential damage the subsoil the repercussions of which would be leaking drains hence creating weakness. The result is a heavy structure pressing down on the soil hence subsiding. Furthermore, decomposition and degradation of the soil, which results in shrinking, and consolidation of the soil fill potential results in long term change in the level of the soil as the weight of the structure presses down on it. Usually this is the case when the soil is above the water table, which gives it room to dry and allow for biodegradation. This uneven movement of the building causes particles to disintegrate hence the walls crack and form crevices. Earthquakes and tremors are the major causes of cracking. One way of combating subsidence and hence cracking is careful construction of houses by isolating them from trees, mines and unstable ground to reduce risk of such uneven forces. Moreover, the construction engineers